FreeBSD can now boot in 25 milliseconds

Current FreeBSD 14.0 Boot time in ~25ms is middle of the pack, and still has some catching up-to do. 

Image Source : BootTime - FreeBSD Wiki 

The EC2 testing are as follows:

AMI Id (us-east-1)	AMI Name	running to port closed	closed to open	total (s)
ami-0f9ebbb6ab174bc24	Clear Linux 34640	1.23	0.00	1.23
ami-07d02ee1eeb0c996c	Debian 10	6.26	4.09	10.35
ami-0c2b8ca1dad447f8a	Amazon Linux 2	9.55	1.54	11.09
ami-09e67e426f25ce0d7	Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS	7.39	4.65	12.04
ami-0747bdcabd34c712a	Ubuntu Server 18.04 LTS	10.64	4.30	14.94
ami-03a454637e4aa453d	Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 (20210825)	13.16	2.11	15.27
ami-0ee02acd56a52998e	Ubuntu Server 16.04 LTS	12.76	5.42	18.18
ami-0a16c2295ef80ff63	SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP5	16.32	6.96	23.28
ami-00be86d9bba30a7b3	FreeBSD 12.2-RELEASE	17.09	6.22	23.31
ami-00e91cb82b335d15f	FreeBSD 13.0-RELEASE	19.00	5.13	24.13
ami-0fde50fcbcd46f2f7	SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP2	18.13	6.76	24.89
ami-03b0f822e17669866	FreeBSD 12.0-RELEASE	19.82	5.83	25.65
ami-0de268ac2498ba33d	FreeBSD 12.1-RELEASE	19.93	6.09	26.02
ami-0b96e8856151afb3a	FreeBSD 11.3-RELEASE	22.61	5.05	27.66
ami-70504266	FreeBSD 11.1-RELEASE	25.72	4.39	30.11
ami-e83e6c97	FreeBSD 11.2-RELEASE	25.45	5.36	30.81
ami-01599ad2c214322ae	FreeBSD 11.4-RELEASE	55.19	4.02	59.21
ami-0b0af3577fe5e3532	Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8	13.43	52.31	65.74

In the race to accept incoming SSH connections, the clear winner — no pun intended — is Intel's Clear Linux, which boots to a running sshd in a blistering 1.23 seconds after the instance enters the "running" state. After Clear Linux is a roughly three way tie between Amazon Linux, Debian, and Ubuntu — and it's good to see that Ubuntu's boot performance has improved over the years, dropping from 18 seconds in 16.04 LTS to 15 seconds in 18.04 LTS and then to 12 seconds with 20.04 LTS. After the Amazon Linux / Debian / Ubuntu cluster comes SUSE Linux and FreeBSD; here, interestingly, SUSE 12 is faster than SUSE 15, while FreeBSD 12.2 and 13.0 (the most recent two releases) are noticeably faster than older FreeBSD.

Source:  EC2 boot time benchmarking (daemonology.net)

Source: FreeBSD can now boot in 25 milliseconds • The Register

Notepad++ Control Characters with Complete List of Hidden Characters

1. Firstly to view control characters in Notepad++, choose View→Show Symbol→Show Whitespace and TAB, as used in image below. Or View→Show Symbol→Show All Characters (but you'll see extra CR and/or LF which represents end of line, at end of each line).

1A. Make sure the document has encoding UTF-8. Choose Encoding->UTF-8.
2. Copy all the text in the below Cached Result window, starting with line 'List of Unicode Control Characters'.

This list begins with the first letter character in ASCII, which in Unicode format is expressed as \u0000 (hex value 00) and is referred to as null character. 

3. Paste this list into Notepad++, to give you an example of how control characters will appear.

A quick note about common control characters; 

• CR LF  - 2 characters (carriage return & line feed) combined used to represent a new line usually in Windows operating system (see Settings → Preferences → New Document)
• LF  - is a line feed character represents a new line usually in UNIX/Linux/ operating systems (see Preferences → New Document)
• CR is a carriage return character represents a new line usually in Apple operating systems (see Preferences → New Document)
• →  - is a Horizontal Tabulation (aka "tab", hex 09, or \t) character that right shifts text. In Notepad++, tabs can be replaced by spaces depending on settings. See see Settings → Preferences → Language → Replace by Space

4.  Match displayed control character in Notepad++ to the acronym column in tables below. 

Notepad++ indicated control characters with white lettering on a black background such as SOH, STX, ETX, EOT, BS, etc, which you can easily match to tables below. 

For example, the character named 'bell' ('\a') will be displayed as BEL  as indicated by the Acronym column in the table below.

Tab Character Replacement in Notepad++

The default in Notepad++, is the Tab (\u0009) character is replaced by 4 spaces, as per Notepad++ setting (Settings→ Preferences → Language → Replace by Space checkbox).

If you deselect checkbox, then Tab (\u0009) character is displayed as →   (right arrow).

Standard ASCII Control Characters

Hex	Acronym	Name	C	Description
00	NUL	Null	\0	Originally used to allow gaps to be left on paper tape for edits. Later used for padding after a code that might take a terminal some time to process (e.g. a carriage return or line feed on a printing terminal). Now often used as a string terminator, especially in the programming language C.
01	SOH	Start of Heading		First character of a message header. In Hadoop, it is often used as a field separator.
02	STX	Start of Text		First character of message text, and may be used to terminate the message heading.
03	ETX	End of Text		Often used as a "break" character (Ctrl-C) to interrupt or terminate a program or process.
04	EOT	End of Transmission		Often used on Unix to indicate end-of-file on a terminal.
05	ENQ	Enquiry		Signal intended to trigger a response at the receiving end, to see if it is still present.
06	ACK	Acknowledge		Response to an ENQ, or an indication of successful receipt of a message.
07	BEL	Bell, Alert	\a	Originally used to sound a bell on the terminal. Later used for a beep on systems that didn't have a physical bell. May also quickly turn on and off inverse video (a visual bell).
08	BS	Backspace	\b	Move the cursor one position leftwards. On input, this may delete the character to the left of the cursor. On output, where in early computer technology a character once printed could not be erased, the backspace was sometimes used to generate accented characters in ASCII. For example, à could be produced using the three character sequence a BS ` (or, using the characters’ hex values, 0x61 0x08 0x60). This usage is now deprecated and generally not supported. To provide disambiguation between the two potential uses of backspace, the cancel character control code was made part of the standard C1 control set.
09	HT	Character Tabulation, Horizontal Tabulation	\t	Position to the next character tab stop.
0A	LF	Line Feed	\n	On typewriters, printers, and some terminal emulators, moves the cursor down one row without affecting its column position. On Unix, used to mark end-of-line. In DOS, Windows, and various network standards, LF is used following CR as part of the end-of-line mark.
0B	VT	Line Tabulation, Vertical Tabulation	\v	Position the form at the next line tab stop.
0C	FF	Form Feed	\f	On printers, load the next page. Treated as whitespace in many programming languages, and may be used to separate logical divisions in code. In some terminal emulators, it clears the screen. It still appears in some common plain text files as a page break character, such as the RFCs published by IETF.
0D	CR	Carriage Return	\r	Originally used to move the cursor to column zero while staying on the same line. On classic Mac OS (pre-Mac OS X), as well as in earlier systems such as the Apple II and Commodore 64, used to mark end-of-line. In DOS, Windows, and various network standards, it is used preceding LF as part of the end-of-line mark. The Enter or Return key on a keyboard will send this character, but it may be converted to a different end-of-line sequence by a terminal program.
0E	SO	Shift Out		Switch to an alternative character set.
0F	SI	Shift In		Return to regular character set after Shift Out.
10	DLE	Data Link Escape		Cause the following octets to be interpreted as raw data, not as control codes or graphic characters. Returning to normal usage would be implementation dependent.
11	DC1	Device Control One (XON)		These four control codes are reserved for device control, with the interpretation dependent upon the device to which they were connected. DC1 and DC2 were intended primarily to indicate activating a device while DC3 and DC4 were intended primarily to indicate pausing or turning off a device. DC1 and DC3 (known also as XON and XOFF respectively in this usage) originated as the "start and stop remote paper-tape-reader" functions in ASCII Telex networks. This teleprinter usage became the de facto standard for software flow control.[6]
12	DC2	Device Control Two
13	DC3	Device Control Three (XOFF)
14	DC4	Device Control Four
15	NAK	Negative Acknowledge		Sent by a station as a negative response to the station with which the connection has been set up. In binary synchronous communication protocol, the NAK is used to indicate that an error was detected in the previously received block and that the receiver is ready to accept retransmission of that block. In multipoint systems, the NAK is used as the not-ready reply to a poll.
16	SYN	Synchronous Idle		Used in synchronous transmission systems to provide a signal from which synchronous correction may be achieved between data terminal equipment, particularly when no other character is being transmitted.
17	ETB	End of Transmission Block		Indicates the end of a transmission block of data when data are divided into such blocks for transmission purposes.
18	CAN	Cancel		Indicates that the data preceding it are in error or are to be disregarded.
19	EM	End of medium		Intended as means of indicating on paper or magnetic tapes that the end of the usable portion of the tape had been reached.
1A	SUB	Substitute		Originally intended for use as a transmission control character to indicate that garbled or invalid characters had been received. It has often been put to use for other purposes when the in-band signaling of errors it provides is unneeded, especially where robust methods of error detection and correction are used, or where errors are expected to be rare enough to make using the character for other purposes advisable. In DOS, Windows and other CP/M derivatives, it is used to indicate the end of file, both when typing on the terminal, and sometimes in text files stored on disk.
1B	ESC	Escape	\e[b]	The Esc key on the keyboard will cause this character to be sent on most systems. It can be used in software user interfaces to exit from a screen, menu, or mode, or in device-control protocols (e.g., printers and terminals) to signal that what follows is a special command sequence rather than normal text. In systems based on ISO/IEC 2022, even if another set of C0 control codes are used, this octet is required to always represent the escape character.
1C	FS	File Separator		Can be used as delimiters to mark fields of data structures. If used for hierarchical levels, US is the lowest level (dividing plain-text data items), while RS, GS, and FS are of increasing level to divide groups made up of items of the level beneath it.
1D	GS	Group Separator
1E	RS	Record Separator
1F	US	Unit Separator

Unicode Control Characters

Hex	Acro	Name	Description
7F	DEL	Delete Character	In computing, the delete character (sometimes also called rubout) is the last character in the ASCII repertoire, with the code 127 (decimal). Not a graphic character but a control character, it is denoted as ^? in caret notation and has a graphic representation of ␡ in Unicode (as all ASCII control characters have graphic representations).A key marked Backspace ← that sends the Backspace character is by far the most common on modern terminals and emulators. Due to the "backspace" key sending Delete on many terminals, keys marked "Delete" typically do not send the character, instead sending an Escape sequence similar to the arrow keys.[6]
80	PAD	Padding Character	Not part of ISO/IEC 6429 (ECMA-48). In early drafts of ISO 10646, was used as part of a proposed mechanism to encode non-ASCII characters. This use was removed in later drafts.[2][7] Is nonetheless used by the internal-use two-byte fixed-length form of the ISO-2022-based Extended Unix Code (EUC) for left-padding single byte characters in code sets 1 and 3, whereas NUL serves the same function for code sets 0 and 2. This is not done in the usual "packed" EUC format.[8]
81	HOP	High Octet Preset	Not part of ISO/IEC 6429 (ECMA-48). In early drafts of ISO 10646, was intended as a means of introducing a sequence of ISO 2022 compliant multiple byte characters with the same first byte without repeating said first byte, thus reducing length; this behaviour was never part of a standard or published implementation. Its name was nonetheless retained as a RFC 1345 standard code-point name.[2][7]
82	BPH	Break Permitted Here	Follows a graphic character where a line break is permitted. Roughly equivalent to a soft hyphen except that the means for indicating a line break is not necessarily a hyphen. Not part of the first edition of ISO/IEC 6429.[9] See also zero-width space.
83	NBH	No Break Here	Follows the graphic character that is not to be broken. Not part of the first edition of ISO/IEC 6429.[9] See also word joiner.
84	IND	Index	Move the active position one line down, to eliminate ambiguity about the meaning of LF. Deprecated in 1988 and withdrawn in 1992 from ISO/IEC 6429 (1986 and 1991 respectively for ECMA-48).
85	NEL	Next Line	Equivalent to CR+LF. Used to mark end-of-line on some IBM mainframes.
86	SSA	Start of Selected Area	Used by block-oriented terminals.
87	ESA	End of Selected Area
88	HTS	Character Tabulation Set Horizontal Tabulation Set	Causes a character tabulation stop to be set at the active position.
89	HTJ	Character Tabulation With Justification Horizontal Tabulation With Justification	Similar to Character Tabulation, except that instead of spaces or lines being placed after the preceding characters until the next tab stop is reached, the spaces or lines are placed preceding the active field so that preceding graphic character is placed just before the next tab stop.
8A	VTS	Line Tabulation Set Vertical Tabulation Set	Causes a line tabulation stop to be set at the active position.
8B	PLD	Partial Line Forward Partial Line Down	Used to produce subscripts and superscripts in ISO/IEC 6429, e.g., in a printer. Subscripts use PLD text PLU while superscripts use PLU text PLD.
8C	PLU	Partial Line Backward Partial Line Up
8D	RI	Reverse Line Feed Reverse Index
8E	SS2	Single-Shift 2	Next character invokes a graphic character from the G2 or G3 graphic sets respectively. In systems that conform to ISO/IEC 4873 (ECMA-43), even if a C1 set other than the default is used, these two octets may only be used for this purpose.
8F	SS3	Single-Shift 3
90	DCS	Device Control String	Followed by a string of printable characters (0x20 through 0x7E) and format effectors (0x08 through 0x0D), terminated by ST (0x9C).
91	PU1	Private Use 1	Reserved for a function without standardized meaning for private use as required, subject to the prior agreement of the sender and the recipient of the data.
92	PU2	Private Use 2
93	STS	Set Transmit State
94	CCH	Cancel character	Destructive backspace, intended to eliminate ambiguity about meaning of BS.
95	MW	Message Waiting
96	SPA	Start of Protected Area	Used by block-oriented terminals.
97	EPA	End of Protected Area
98	SOS	Start of String	Followed by a control string terminated by ST (0x9C) that may contain any character except SOS or ST. Not part of the first edition of ISO/IEC 6429.[9]
99	SGCI	Single Graphic Character Introducer	Not part of ISO/IEC 6429. In early drafts of ISO 10646, was used to encode a single multiple-byte character without switching out of a HOP mode. In later drafts, this facility was removed, the name was nonetheless retained as a RFC 1345 standard code-point name.[2][7]
9A	SCI	Single Character Introducer	To be followed by a single printable character (0x20 through 0x7E) or format effector (0x08 through 0x0D). The intent was to provide a means by which a control function or a graphic character that would be available regardless of which graphic or control sets were in use could be defined. Definitions of what the following byte would invoke was never implemented in an international standard. Not part of the first edition of ISO/IEC 6429.[9]
9B	CSI	Control Sequence Introducer	Used to introduce control sequences that take parameters.
9C	ST	String Terminator
9D	OSC	Operating System Command	Followed by a string of printable characters (0x20 through 0x7E) and format effectors (0x08 through 0x0D), terminated by ST (0x9C). These three control codes were intended for use to allow in-band signaling of protocol information, but are rarely used for that purpose.
9E	PM	Privacy Message
9F	APC	Application Program Command

Unicode Control Bidirectional Characters

These also appear as special black characters in Notepad++. 

2.1 Explicit Directional Embeddings

The following characters signal that a piece of text is to be treated as embedded. For example, an English quotation in the middle of an Arabic sentence could be marked as being embedded left-to-right text. If there were a Hebrew phrase in the middle of the English quotation, that phrase could be marked as being embedded right-to-left text. Embeddings can be nested one inside another, and in isolates and overrides.

Abbr.	Code Point	Name	Description
LRE	U+202A	LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING	Treat the following text as embedded left-to-right.
RLE	U+202B	RIGHT-TO-LEFT EMBEDDING	Treat the following text as embedded right-to-left.

The effect of right-left line direction, for example, can be accomplished by embedding the text with RLE...PDF. (PDF will be described in Section 2.3, Terminating Explicit Directional Embeddings and Overrides.)

2.2 Explicit Directional Overrides

The following characters allow the bidirectional character types to be overridden when required for special cases, such as for part numbers. They are to be avoided wherever possible, because of security concerns. For more information, see [UTR36]. Directional overrides can be nested one inside another, and in embeddings and isolates.

Abbr.	Code Point	Name	Description
LRO	U+202D	LEFT-TO-RIGHT OVERRIDE	Force following characters to be treated as strong left-to-right characters.
RLO	U+202E	RIGHT-TO-LEFT OVERRIDE	Force following characters to be treated as strong right-to-left characters.

The precise meaning of these characters will be made clear in the discussion of the algorithm. The right-to-left override, for example, can be used to force a part number made of mixed English, digits and Hebrew letters to be written from right to left.

2.3 Terminating Explicit Directional Embeddings and Overrides

The following character terminates the scope of the last LRE, RLE, LRO, or RLO whose scope has not yet been terminated.

Abbr.	Code Point	Name	Description
PDF	U+202C	POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING	End the scope of the last LRE, RLE, RLO, or LRO.

The precise meaning of this character will be made clear in the discussion of the algorithm.

2.4 Explicit Directional Isolates

The following characters signal that a piece of text is to be treated as directionally isolated from its surroundings. They are very similar to the explicit embedding formatting characters. However, while an embedding roughly has the effect of a strong character on the ordering of the surrounding text, an isolate has the effect of a neutral like U+FFFC OBJECT REPLACEMENT CHARACTER, and is assigned the corresponding display position in the surrounding text. Furthermore, the text inside the isolate has no effect on the ordering of the text outside it, and vice versa.

In addition to allowing the embedding of strongly directional text without unduly affecting the bidirectional order of its surroundings, one of the isolate formatting characters also offers an extra feature: embedding text while inferring its direction heuristically from its constituent characters.

Isolates can be nested one inside another, and in embeddings and overrides.

Abbr.	Code Point	Name	Description
LRI	U+2066	LEFT‑TO‑RIGHT ISOLATE	Treat the following text as isolated and left-to-right.
RLI	U+2067	RIGHT‑TO‑LEFT ISOLATE	Treat the following text as isolated and right-to-left.
FSI	U+2068	FIRST STRONG ISOLATE	Treat the following text as isolated and in the direction of its first strong directional character that is not inside a nested isolate.

The precise meaning of these characters will be made clear in the discussion of the algorithm.

2.5 Terminating Explicit Directional Isolates

The following character terminates the scope of the last LRI, RLI, or FSI whose scope has not yet been terminated, as well as the scopes of any subsequent LREs, RLEs, LROs, or RLOs whose scopes have not yet been terminated.

Abbr.	Code Point	Name	Description
PDI	U+2069	POP DIRECTIONAL ISOLATE	End the scope of the last LRI, RLI, or FSI.

The precise meaning of this character will be made clear in the discussion of the algorithm.

2.6 Implicit Directional Marks

These characters are very light-weight formatting. They act exactly like right-to-left or left-to-right characters, except that they do not display or have any other semantic effect. Their use is more convenient than using explicit embeddings or overrides because their scope is much more local.

Abbr.	Code Point	Name	Description
LRM	U+200E	LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK	Left-to-right zero-width character
RLM	U+200F	RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK	Right-to-left zero-width non-Arabic character
ALM	U+061C	ARABIC LETTER MARK	Right-to-left zero-width Arabic character

There is no special mention of the implicit directional marks in the following algorithm. That is because their effect on bidirectional ordering is exactly the same as a corresponding strong directional character; the only difference is that they do not appear in the display.